Activity Of Different Solvent Extracts Research Articles

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Hardwickia binata Roxb.

Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were employed to carry out the research on the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Hardwickia binata Roxb. To identify the components, present in the extract, the GC-MS technique was used for analysis. Functional groups of various extracts were identified using FTIR. The plant extract in hexane and ethyl acetate was evaluated for its ability to fight human pathogenic bacteria. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed that phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and tannins are present. The GC-MS data revealed that the ethyl acetate extract contained 25 bioactive substances. The extract of ethyl acetate showed good antimicrobial activity. S. aureus (16 mm) demonstrated the largest zone of inhibition when treated with 75 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracts. As a result, this study provides data on the phytochemical constituents identified in both extracts. As a result, it may be employed in additional therapeutic applications in near future.

Antibacterial Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and its Endophytic Fungi

Antibacterial Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and its Endophytic Fungi

Anti-MRSA and cytotoxic activities of different solvent extracts from Artemisia herba-alba grown in Shubak, Jordan

Background: Globally, resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a major hazard to public health. Infections that were once easily treatable with antibiotics are becoming harder to control, leading to prolonged illnesses, increased mortality rates, and higher healthcare costs. Aim: This study intended to assess the antimicrobial, specifically the anti- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) , and anticancer properties of different extracts obtained from A. herba-alba (AHA). Methods: The antibacterial tests of AHA were performed on two Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia), two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus). Initial screening for antibacterial activities was conducted using the agar-disc diffusion technique. Subsequently, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined through the broth-dilution assay. The anticancer test was carried out in vitro on a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) )MTT( method. Results: Among all extracts, n-hexane extract of AHA was the most effective against S. aureus with the highest inhibition zone (24.67 mm) comparing to standard antibiotic (erythromycin, 24.00 mm) followed by the methanolic extract against MRSA (24.00 mm). The methanol extract of AHA showed the highest antibacterial activity against MRSA. The results of MIC and MBC of the AHA methanol extract against MRSA were 1.17±1.09 mg/mL and 9.375±0.0 mg/mL, respectively demonstrated therapeutically significant antibacterial activity. Ethyl acetate extract has no antibacterial activity against E. coli and K. pneumonia. The findings indicated that the methanol extract of AHA exhibited the highest efficacy against the colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116), with an IC50 value of 126.61±13.35 µg/mL. Conclusion: These findings suggest that methanol extract of AHA could be considered as a potential agent to serve as a source of antibacterial and anticancer compounds.

Measurement of Inhibition Zones, Solvent/Growth Dynamics of Adenanpthera pavonina. Linn. Against Selected Enteric Microorganisms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibition zones, solvent, and growth dynamics of Seed extract of Adenanpthera Pavonina. Linn. Against selected Enteric Microorganisms. Adenanpthera Pavonina.Linn is a Red Sandalwood, (Fabaceae), an unarmed deciduous tree and its seed is traditionally used for treatment of various disease conditions. Five different solvents were used in this study: Ethyl acetate, water, absolute ethanol, fermented palm wine and distilled ethanol from palm wine). In this study, ethanol was distilled from palm wine using fractional distillation method. Palm wine solvent was fermented using barkers’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Isolates used in this study were obtained from Adekunle Ajasin University AkungbaAkoko Health Center (AAUHC) and were re-identified through series of biochemical test and gram staining characteristics. Isolates were identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, Burkhoderia cepacia, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Moraxella sp., Burkhoderia pseudomallei, Enterobacter agglomerama. Extensive and series of biochemical tests were carried out to further confirm all the test bacterial strains. Biochemical tests done includes Indole test, Catalase, Citrate, Methyl Red-Voges Proskaeur (MR-VP), Triple Sugar Iron (TSI), Urease, Motility Test, Oxidase Test, to identify and characterized the test isolates, antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. Seed was tested against enteric bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition using agar well diffusion method. The growth dynamic of the test isolate against plant seed extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn., was done using Ultraviolentvisible spectrophotometer. Ethanolic phytochemical analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively. In this study, Ethyl acetate and Distilled ethanol from palm wine seed extracts of Adenanthera pavonina Linn., showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacteria isolates. Result obtained indicates that the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and distilled ethanol seed extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. has antibacterial activities and can be used as antibacterial agent. It was observed that at less than an hour, Pasteurella multocida has the highest growth rate of 0.150λ and Aeromonas hydrophila have the lowest growth rate of 0.102λ. At 24 hours, Pasteurella multocida has the lowest death rate of 0.100λ and Burkhoderia pseudomallei have the highest death rate of 0.068λ Adenanthera pavonina Linn., showed the presence of secondary metabolite and its killing/growth kinetics was very outstanding which was demonstrated during this research work, the plant has a limitless antimicrobial potential, and it can be used for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Leaves and Stem of Alyxia reinwardtii Blume

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume (Pulasari) Apocynaceae is being widely used as a traditional medicine in treating various illnesses due to its phenolic, coumarins, lignans, iridoid glycosides alkaloids and flavonoids content. These compounds in A. reinwardtii were reported to be useful as medicinal and agricultural potentials. Hence, A. reinwardtii meets the rationale for antioxidant and antibacterial studies to replace synthetic substances using different solvents on the leaves and stem of A. reinwardtii using cold maceration. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay was used to estimate the phenolic content of extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride. The antioxidant capacity of the samples was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Disc Diffusion Assay (DDA), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus growth. Methanol was determined as the most effective solvent due to the highest crude yield obtained, (19.47 ± 2.80 %). Acetone showed the highest TPC content (170.44 ± 10.99 mg GAE/g) while hexane showed the highest TFC content (2957 ± 91.24 mg QE/g). Moreover, for DPPH, methanol inhibited the highest antioxidant (75.81 ± 12.62 %) and hexane for FRAP assay (2278.89 ± 69.47 mg AAE/g). Hexane extract is potentially effective with variable efficiency with DDA (11.17 ± 4.48 mm) while methanol extracts with MIC (0.63 μg/mL) and MBC (2.50 μg/mL) against E. coli. The results indicated that methanolic and hexane extract using cold maceration showed optimum antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The present study advocates that A. reinwardtii was a source of substantial antioxidant and antibacterial agents for potential pharmaceutical applications.

In Vitro Antioxidation, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Thai Traditional Diabetic Medicine

In Vitro Antioxidation, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Thai Traditional Diabetic Medicine

Comparative Antimicrobial and Antioxidant potential of leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos from different regions of Himachal Pradesh

Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) also called as Bael is an important medicinal plant of Himalayan region. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts (n-hexane and ethanol) A. marmelos leaves from different locations of Himachal Pradesh. All the extracts were tested for the antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay and antimicrobial activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacterial and fungal strains-Candida albicans (ATCC90028) and C. albicans (MTCC277) using broth dilution method. Significant variation in antioxidant potential was observed in the ethanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves from eight different locations of Himachal Pradesh. Ethanolic extract of Mandi (M3) region showed comparatively more antioxidant potential as revealed from lower IC50 value in DPPH (14.77µg/ml) in comparison to leaves extract of other districts; whereas n hexane extract of Bilaspur (B2) showed higher FRAP activity as shown by lower IC50 value (6.62µM) as compared to leaves extracts of other districts. Antioxidant potential of ethanol extract was slightly higher than that of n-hexane for all the populations of A. marmelos. Ethanolic extracts of Sirmour district (SM1) showed lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (7.81µg/ml) against S. aureus, ethanolic extract of Mandi (M3) showed lowest MIC (7.81µg/ml) against E. coli, whereas n-hexane extracts of Chamba (CH1) and Una (U2) showed lowest MIC value (7.81µg/ml) against K. pneumonia. The n-hexane extract of Solan (SO3), ethanolic extract of Kangra (K2), ethanolic extract of Chamba (CH3) showed least MIC (31.25µg/ml) against C. albicans (ATCC90028), whereas ethanolic extracts of district Mandi (M3) showed lowest MIC (31.25 µg/ml) against C. albicans (MTCC277). From the current study it may be concluded that leaf samples of A. marmelos from Mandi district has comparatively more antioxidant potential among all other samples, whereas comparative variation in antibacterial and antifungal activity of A. marmelos leaves from different geographical regions was observed.

UHPLC-MS characterisation of principal triterpene glycosides and biological activities of different solvent extracts of Allochrusa gypsophiloides (Caryophyllaceae)

A crude methanol extract of the roots of Allochrusa gypsophiloides (syn. Acanthophyllum gypsophiloides) (collected from the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan) was chemically characterised by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. The results indicate the presence of six major bisdesmosidic saponins derived from gypsogenin, gypsogenic and quillaic acids, including five compounds reported for the first time for this species. The chloroform, methanol and water extracts of A. gypsophiloides showed weak antioxidant and anthelmintic activities. Among the tested extracts, the water extract exhibited the highest level of cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000 cell lines with IC50 values of 23.6 and 31.9 µg/mL, respectively.

Polyphenol Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Highland Barley Bran

Five different solvent extracts of highland barley bran were analyzed and compared for their polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The highland barley bran acetone extract had the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity. It was followed by the methanol and ethanol extracts, while n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited lower measured values. Diosmetin, luteolin, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, phlorogucinol, diosmin, isoquercitrin, catechin, and isovitexin were among the most abundant phenolic compounds identified in different solvent extracts, and their concentrations varied according to the solvent used. The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity were observed in the ethyl acetate extract of highland barley bran, followed by the acetone and methanol extracts. In contrast, n-butanol and ethanol extracts exhibited lower measured values. The different solvent extracts were effective inhibitors for α-glucosidase and α-amylase with activity reaching to 34.45-94.32% and 22.08-35.92% of that of positive control acarbose, respectively. There were obvious correlations between the phenolic content and composition of different solvent extracts and their in vitro antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition activity and α-amylase inhibition activity. Black barley bran is an excellent natural raw material for developing polyphenol-rich functional foods and shows good antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential to benefit human health.

Assessment of Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)

Withania somnifera L. (Dunal), a member of the Solanaceae family, has been used by Ayurvedicpractitioners for thousands of years. The root of Withania somnifera contains flavonoids,alkaloids, steroids, and other useful functional components. It contains a high concentration ofbioreactors, or secondary metabolites, such as steroidal lactones, alkaloids, and flavonoids, all ofwhich have beneficial properties and are used in ninety Ayurvedic formulations. Ashwagandhahas long been recognized as a potent rejuvenator, general health tonic, and treatment for awide range of ailments. It is a sedative, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory herb that is well knownfor increasing energy and endurance while also acting as an adaptogen with high immunestimulatory and anti-stress properties. Ashwagandha is used to treat colds, cough, emaciation,diabetes, conjunctivitis, epilepsy, insomnia, senile dementia, leprosy, Parkinson’s disease,mental disorders, rheumatic, arthritis, intestinal infections, bronchitis, asthma, impotence, andalso used as HIV/AIDS suppressant. According to the Indian Herbal System, ashwagandha isone of the most important herbs and the best adaptogenic (Ayurveda). Withanolide is made upof steroidal molecules that are supposed to help with inflammation. Ashwagandha boosts theimmune system, reduces inflammation, improves cognition, and promotes overall health andwell-being. Ashwagandha is a shrub that promotes bone marrow and sperm production, as wellas acting as an anti-aging. By using the agar well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity ofdifferent solvent extracts of Withania somnifera stem was assessed against the gram-negativebacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. When testedagainst several test microorganisms, all of the extracts showed strong antibacterial activity. E.coli was the investigation’s most vulnerable bacterium, and all of the plant extracts displayedzones of inhibition when used against it. The methanol extract of W. somnifera stem and leafhad the strongest antibacterial effect against E.coli, followed by S. aureus and Pseudomonas.All bacterial strains were least inhibited by DH2O extract. The MIC of the extracts that wererecorded ranged from 8 mm to 26 mm. In the current experiment, methanol extract had thelowest MIC value (8 mm) against S. aureus and Pseudomonas. Different phytochemicals werefound in different extracts of Withania according to qualitative phytochemical analysis. Severalstudies have found that Ashwagandha has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. It has asignificantly greater steroidal than hydrocortisone, which is a typical cancer treatment.

Phytochemical Exploration and Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Clematis Hirsuta (Nech Yeazohareg) Leaves

Phytochemical Exploration and Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Clematis Hirsuta (Nech Yeazohareg) Leaves

Phytochemical Evaluation and Cytotoxic Activities of Stem Bark and Leaf Extracts of Mesua assamica

Natural products and their derivatives have historically been invaluable as a source of therapeutic agents. The Mesua (Calophyllaceae) has been known to produce various new chemical compounds of medicinal values. Some Mesua species have yielded new potential anticancer agents that are important to the pharmaceutical industry. In this research, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different solvent extracts of Mesua assamica stem bark and leaves were evaluated. The stem bark and leaves of M. assamica were successively extracted in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that most of the M. assamica extracts consist of important phytochemicals, namely, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, decreasing sugars, steroids, lipids, phenols, coumarins, carbohydrates, proteins, and betacyanin indicating its potential for medicinal use. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities through DPPH assay of M. assamica extracts have been achieved by utilizing colorimetric methods. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation through MTT assay induction against human breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines exhibited that hexane extracts were found to have IC50 value below 30 μg/mL and conferred effectiveness in inducing cell death MCF-7. The diversity of phytochemicals present suggests that the stem bark and leaves of M. assamica could serve as a supply of potentially valuable medications. Exploiting the plant's pharmacological qualities will necessitate more study on the isolation, purification, and identification of bioactive components.

Retraction: Antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from stem and seeds of Peganum Harmala L.

Retraction: Antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from stem and seeds of Peganum Harmala L.

In vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of different solvent extracts of leaf peel and gel of Aloe succotrina and their bio-control of leaf spot disease of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings

Phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of leaf peel and gel of Aloe succotrina (Xanthorrhoeaceae) using different solvents, n-butanol, ethylacetate, water and methanol, were evaluated. The antifungal effects of these different solvent extracts against pathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cochliobolus specifer, causing leaf spot disease of seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris were evaluated. In addition, their effects on different growth attributes and metabolite content of treated P. vulgaris seedlings were measured. Highest flavonoid content was measured in the ethylacetate extract, while, the highest concentrations of saponins and tannins were measured in butanol extract. Water and methanol exhibited higher phenolic content. All solvent extracts of leaf peel and gel of A. succotrina could be categorized as strong radical scavengers based on their respective inhibitory concentration at 50% scavenging activity (IC50) values. The highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured for the methanol leaf peel extract [194.04 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent /g dry weight (DW)]. Alternaria alternata was the most resistant species showing the least growth inhibition percentages in vitro antifungal assays. All plant extracts exhibited considerable growth inhibition (> 70%) with C. cladosporioides referring to its pronounced susceptibility. The leaf spot disease incidence of P. vulgaris seedlings was completely disappeared after seedlings treatment by the methanol leaf peel extract of A. succotrina. Moreover, most measured seedlings growth attributes, e.g., the shoots and roots lengths, the contents of photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates were significantly enhanced. The methanol extracts of leaf peel of A. succotrina could be considered as potential sources of antioxidant as well as antifungal compounds to control A. alternata leaf spot disease. Treatment of P. vulgaris with water leaf and gel extracts of A. succotrina improved its growth attributes and resistance against leaf spot caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cochliobolus specifer.

Antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from stem and seeds of Peganum Harmala L.

Wild medicinal herbs have been used as folk and traditional medicines all across the world since well before recorded history. This present study was designed to test the antimicrobial activities of five different solvent extracted samples (n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of Peganum harmala using stems and seeds. Two different strains of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia), two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilus and Staphylococcus aureus), and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) were used. The antimicrobial activities were measured using a disc diffusion assay. Two concentrations of the extracts (1 and 2mgDisc-1) were used. Ethyl acetate fraction was found more affective among the tested solvents and showed maximum activity (zone of inhibition) against S. aureus (65.53 and 81.10%), E. coli (46.22 and 61.29%) while n-butanol and water fractions gave maximum activity against S. aureus (78.86 and 70.00%) and K. pneumonia (57.00 and 61.39%) respectively. Water fraction showed maximum activity against C. albicans (60.00 and 81.88%). In the case of the stem, Ethyl acetate again showed more activity against B. subtilus (38.57 and 42.10%) and S. aureus (36.66 and 46.66%) while n-butanol showed maximum activity against K. pneumonia (24.55 and 32.44%) and E. coli (27.93 and 37.61%). Methanol was found more effective against C. albicans (25.71 and 43.80%). Seed extracted samples were found more effective compared to the stem. Ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous extracted samples showed good activity against the tested microbes, so these fractions are recommended for study their mechanism of actions and isolation of bioactive metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activities. The P. harmala should be evaluated for their bioactive compounds to be used in future studies. Our objective is to provide the framework for future study on the roles of P. harmala as traditional medicines.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Study of Different Solvent Extracts of Fruits of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb., from Dibrugarh, Assam

Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. is widely cultivated plant due to its significance use as traditional medicine. The fruits of the plant were collected from Dibrugarh district of Assam, India. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica. Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis were carried out using standard methods and the results revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides in the fruit sample. Among the solvent used for the extraction process, Ethyl acetate extract recorded the highest phenol content (6.56±0.004mgCE/gm dried body weight) and antioxidant activity (67.00± 0.12%) against DPPH. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract recorded the highest (22±1mm) inhibition against B. subtilis compared to Chloramphenicol (30mcg) and Clotrimazole (10mcg). It is concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of the fruits Terminelia bellerica yielded the best results and more efficacious in terms of antimicrobial activity which makes it more useful in new drug development.

Yields, Phytochemicals, and Biological Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of <i>Senna alata</i> Leaves

Senna alata leaf is used as an active ingredient in various Ayurvedic preparations due to its bioactive components. This study examined the effect of extracting solvents on total phenolic and rhein contents as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities in S. alata leaf extracts. 95% v/v and 50% v/v ethanol (EtOH) solutions were used as extracting solvents. In spite of its lower extraction yield, 95% EtOH extract with a lower moisture content should be considered more microbiologically stable than 50% EtOH extract. As a result of the analysis using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatographic diode array (HPLC-DAD), phytochemicals including anthrones, coumarins, and anthraquinones were found in both extracts. Additionally, the 95% EtOH extract possessed higher phytochemical contents and biological activities than the 50% EtOH extract. Thus, the 95% v/v EtOH was a powerful extracting solvent for preparation of S. alata leaf extractscontaining high contents of phenolics and rhein, together with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Punica granatum L. seed extract against clinically isolated uropathogens

The discovery of plant based drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants has accelerated in recent years. Punica granatum L. is one such plant whose products are useful in the treatment of many diseases including urinary tract infections (UTI), since it is rich in various antioxidants like vitamin C, iron and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant rich fluids are known to prevent bacteria from adhering to the walls of the bladder and urethra; as a result UTI is cured or prevented. The present investigation aims to explore the urobactericidal activity of different solvent extracts of the seeds of P. granatum. In this study, P. granatum dried seed powder was extracted exhaustively with different solvents i.e. hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol (HPG, CPG, APG and MPG). The presence of different phytochemicals in these extracts was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively before evaluating their urobactericidal and uroprotective potency. It was found that seeds of pomegranate have many bioactive phytochemicals like terpenoids, steroids, tannins, coumarins, glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic compounds that contribute to its significant antibacterial activity and this was proved by various methods and the zone or degree of growth inhibition was measured against different uropathogens. It was observed that APG and MPG, which are rich in hydrophilic phytoconstituents have significant bactericidal activity in comparison to HPG and CPG, which are rich in hydrophobic compounds. Since, the active phytoconstituents present in P. granatum seed have potent urobactericidal activity, it can be further explored for its tremendous bioactive potentials and also attempts should be made to safeguard and cultivate this miraculous plant which would be beneficial to the society.

A comparative study on biological activities of different solvent extracts from whole seed, seed coat and cotyledon of two Lathyrus species

The present study was conducted to assess the phenolic content, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lathyrus L. species. The extraction of phenolic compounds from whole seeds, seed coat and cotyledon of Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss. and Lathyrus annuus L. seeds was performed employing different solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by Folin- Ciocalteau assay, while the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay. It was found that TPC of extracts ranged from 0.12 mg to 6.53 mg GAE/gdw. For each solvent, seed coat extracts were generally observed to render higher TPC and antioxidant activities. There was a correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity. In addition, all extracts were also examined for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity which is consistent with TPC, but there was no correlation between TPC and antibacterial activity. Solvents were observed to have effects on gallic acid, caffeic acid, and epicatechin extractions. HPLC analysis results of extracts confirmed methanol and ethanol as preferred solvents for phenolic extraction from Lathyrus sp. Phenolic content in the extracts could be suggested to contribute to their antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

A Review on Mosquitocidal Activity of the Genus Solanum

As a vector, mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting deadly diseases such as Chikungunya fever, filariasis, encephalitis, West Nile Virus infection, malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc. To combat this problem, various techniques and strategies had been adopted to control the mosquito population. An alternative mosquito control strategy was available from ancient times that is the application of active toxic agents from plant extracts. This preference has several advantages over the consistent application of synthetic insecticides which cause resistance in vector species, harmful effects on environment and non-target organisms, including human health. From ancient times, plants have been used to control the vector mosquitoes, and still now, in many parts of the world, many researchers are looking for plant substances to kill the mosquitoes or cause repellency in mosquitoes. The phytochemicals that originate from the plant showed various activities such as larval mortality, disrupt insect growth, and act as a repellent and also effect as an ovipositional attractant/deterrent. Several plant species have been stated so far possessing mosquitocidal activities. The present review discussed the larvicidal activities of different solvent extracts (viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol) of thirteen species of Genus Solanum. Different plant parts of various species such as the leaf, berry, flower, rhizome, bulb, stem and root bark, whole plant, and essential oil demonstrated for significant larvicidal activities against different mosquito vectors viz., Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles culicifacies species A, Anopheles culicifacies species C, Culex vishnui group and Anopheles labranchiae. This review may open the opportunity for further explorations of the efficacy of larvicidal properties of another species under Genus Solanum for their natural product.